The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. Under this system, every health condition can be assigned to a unique category and given a code, up to six characters long. Such categories can include a set of similar diseases.

The International Classification of Diseases is published by the World Health Organization (WHO) The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, reimbursement systems and automated decision support in medicine. This system is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. The ICD is a core classification of the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC).

The ICD is revised periodically and is currently in its tenth edition. The ICD-10 The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization. (WHO). The code set allows more than 14,400 different codes, as it is therefore known, was developed in 1992 to track mortality statistics. ICD-11 is planned for 2015 ^[1] and will be revised using Web 2.0 The term "Web 2.0" is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. Examples of Web 2.0 include web-based communities, hosted services, web applications, social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs, principles.^[2] Annual minor updates and three-yearly major updates are published by the WHO. The ICD is part of a "family" of guides that can be used to complement each other, including also the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health After nine years of international revision efforts coordinated by the World Health Organization , the World Health Assembly on May 22, 2001, approved the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and its abbreviation of "ICF." This classification was first created in 1980 (and then called the International which focuses on the domains of functioning (disability) associated with health conditions, from both medical and social perspectives.

In 1893, a French physician, Jacques Bertillon Jacques Bertillon was a French statistician and demographer, introduced the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death at the International Statistical Institute The International Statistical Institute is a professional association of statisticians. It publishes a variety of books and journals, and holds an international conference every two years. Its permanent office is located in the CBS building in Den Haag - Leidschenveen (The Hague), in The Netherlands. The international conference is well-known in Chicago. A number of countries adopted Dr. Bertillon’s system, and in 1898, the American Public Health Association The American Public Health Association is Washington, D.C.-based professional organization for public health professionals in the United States. Founded in 1872 by Dr. Stephen Smith, APHA has more than 30,000 members worldwide. The Association defines itself as being "the oldest and most diverse organization of public health professionals in (APHA) recommended that the registrars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States also adopt it. The APHA also recommended revising the system every ten years to ensure the system remained current with medical practice advances. As a result, the first international conference to revise the International Classification of Causes of Death convened in 1900; with revisions occurring every ten years thereafter. At that time the classification system was contained in one book, which included an Alphabetic Index as well as a Tabular List. The book was small compared with current coding texts.

The revisions that followed contained minor changes, until the sixth revision of the classification system. With the sixth revision, the classification system expanded to two volumes. The sixth revision included morbidity and mortality conditions, and its title was modified to reflect the changes: Manual of International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). Prior to the sixth revision, responsibility for ICD revisions fell to the Mixed Commission, a group composed of representatives from the International Statistical Institute and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. In 1948, the World Health Organization The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the (WHO) assumed responsibility for preparing and publishing the revisions to the ICD every ten years. WHO sponsored the seventh and eighth revisions in 1957 and 1968, respectively.

In 1959, the U.S. Public Health Service The Public Health Service Act of 1944 structured the United States Public Health Service as the primary division of the Department of Health Education and Welfare (HEW), which later became the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The PHS comprises all Agency Divisions of Health and Human Services and the Commissioned Corps. The published The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital Records and Operation Classification (ICDA). It was completed in 1962 and a revision of this adaptation – considered to be the seventh revision of ICD – expanded a number of areas to more completely meet the indexing needs of hospitals. The U.S. Public Health Service later published the Eighth Revision, International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the United States. Commonly referred to as ICDA-8, this classification system fulfilled its purpose to code diagnostic and operative procedural data for official morbidity and mortality statistics in the United States.

Historical synopsis

From the publication entitled Medical Classification in Canada: Past, Present and Future (April 1995)

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) which was adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1990 is the most recent revision of an international classification which has its roots in the last century.

1893

The first International List of Causes of Death (at that time called the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death) was adopted by the International Statistical Institute at a meeting in Chicago

1898

At a meeting of the American Public Health Association in Ottawa, the International List of Causes of Death (Bertillon Classification) was recommended for use by registrars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States of America.

1900–1929

The Government of France convened the first International Conference for the Revision of the Bertillon or International List of Causes of Death in 1900. The desirability of decennial revisions was recognized and the Government of France called the succeeding conferences in 1910, 1920, 1929, and 1938. Following the death of Jacques Bertillon in 1922, an international commission, known as the “Mixed Commission” was created with equal representation from the International Statistical Institute and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. This Commission drafted the proposals for the Fourth and Fifth revisions of the International List of Causes of Death.

1938

The need for a parallel classification of diseases that affect health as well as diseases that are fatal was recognized even before the first International Conference for the Revision of the International List of Causes of Death. A number of subdivisions or expansions of the International List were produced over the years but failed to receive general acceptance. A number of countries produced national lists in the intervening years, including the Standard Morbidity Code for Canada, accepted by the Dominion Council for Health in 1938. A draft of the Canadian code was the only morbidity code presented at the Fifth International Conference for the Revision of the International List of Causes of Death. Recognizing the growing need for a corresponding international list of diseases, the 1938 Conference adopted a resolution that included a recommendation that various national lists “should, as far as possible, be brought into line with the detailed International List of Causes of Death”. There was a belief that, in order to utilize fully both morbidity and mortality statistics, not only should the classification of diseases for both purposes be comparable, but if possible there should be a single list. Work by some members of a committee with representation from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Health Section of the League of Nations produced a preliminary draft of a “Proposed Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death”.

1948

The International Conference for the Sixth Revision of the International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death was convened in Paris. Later in the same year, the First World Health Assembly endorsed the report of the Revision Conference and the publication of the Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (more commonly referred to as ICD-6).

1955–1983

Succeeding decennial revision conferences (in 1955, 1965 and 1975) recognized the increasing use of ICD for the indexing of hospital medical records. As a result, non fatal diseases, symptoms, and other conditions necessitating contact with health services became more prominent in the classification structure in the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth revisions. Other classification needs were also being recognized, beyond the scope of the ICD. Based on the recommendations of the International Conference for the Ninth Revision (1975), the World Health Assembly approved the publication (for trail purposes) of two supplementary classifications: the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM, published in two volumes in 1978); and the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH, published in 1980). In 1976, another classification, an extension of the neoplasm chapter of the ICD-9 was also published by WHO: the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). Realizing that the ICD alone could not cover all the information required, at the first preparatory meeting for the Tenth revision, a new concept of a “family of disease and health-related classifications” was recommended.

US developments

1955–present

For morbidity purposes in the United States, beginning with the ICD-7, a series of adaptations/modifications of the WHO publication were developed, each containing a section for the classification of procedures. The first was the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing Hospital Records by Diseases and Operations, referred to as the ICDA (or sometimes, ICDA-7). This was followed by the Eighth Revision International Classification of Disease Adapted for Use in the United States (ICDA-8). (The latter was translated into French and published by Statistics Canada as CIMA-8.) The current US morbidity standard is the ICD-9-Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) which was implemented in 1979. Although the three classifications mentioned above were developed by or under the auspices of the US government, there were two successive modifications of the ICDA-8 produced by an independent organization, the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities (CPHA) for use in its data abstracting system, the Professional Activity Study (PAS).

The current annual ICD-9-CM coordination and maintenance process is jointly controlled by two branches of the US government—the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for the diagnosis component and the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) for the procedure component. The actual classification is published in a variety of formats by several independent publishing companies, each with its own unique features or variations. The ICD-9-CM has been adopted by some users outside the United States. Few countries have adopted it as their national morbidity standard, however. One recent exception (in 1992–93) was Australia. An Australian version/adaptation of ICD-9-CM is being published for implementation July 1, 1995. ^[3]

Versions of ICD

ICD-6

The ICD-6, published in 1949, was the first to contain a section on mental disorders.

ICD-9

The ICD-9 was published by the WHO in 1977. According to the World Health Organization Department of Knowledge Management and Sharing, the WHO no longer publishes or distributes the ICD-9 which is now public domain.^[4]

ICD-9-CM

International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) is a classification used in assigning codes to diagnoses associated with inpatient, outpatient, and physician office utilization in the U.S. The ICD-9-CM is based on the ICD-9 but provides for additional morbidity detail and is annually updated on October 1.^[5] It was created by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics National Center for Health Statistics is a division of the United States federal agency the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As such, NCHS is under the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Its headquarters is located at University Town Center in Hyattsville, Maryland, near Washington, D.C as an extension of ICD-9 system so that it can be used to capture more morbidity A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal disfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases data and a section of procedure codes was added.^[6]

It consists of two or three volumes:

• Volumes 1 and 2 contain diagnosis codes In medicine, diagnostic codes are used to group and identify diseases, disorders, symptoms, and medical signs, and are used to measure morbidity and mortality. As the pulral with the name of this lemma indicates, there will be never one code for all purtposes, but many codes for some disticnt purposes each. (Volume 1 is a tabular listing, and volume 2 is an index.) Extended for ICD-9-CM
• Volume 3 ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of procedural codes. It is a subset of ICD-9-CM contains procedure codes. ICD-9-CM only

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services are the U.S. governmental agencies responsible for overseeing all changes and modifications to the ICD-9-CM.

ICD-10

Work on ICD-10 began in 1983 and was completed in 1992.^[7] The code set allows more than 155,000 different codes and permits tracking of many new diagnoses Diagnosis (plural diagnoses) is the identification of the nature of anything, either by process of elimination or other analytical methods. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with slightly different implementations on the application of logic and experience to determine the cause and effect relationships. Below are given as examples and procedures Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, and sometimes for religious reasons. An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply, a significant expansion on the 17,000 codes available in ICD-9.^[8] Adoption was relatively swift in most of the world. Some countries have created their version of "ICD-10-AM" in 1998, and Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three introduced "ICD-10-CA" in 2000. Several materials are made available online by WHO, as the manual (Volume 2), training, a browser, and files for download.

ICD-10-CM

Adoption of ICD-10 has been slow in the United States. Since 1988, the USA had required ICD-9-CM codes for Medicare Medicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. The program also funds residency training programs for the vast majority of physicians in the United States. Medicare operates as a single-payer health care and Medicaid Medicaid is the United States health program for eligible individuals and families with low incomes and resources. It is a means tested program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments, and is managed by the states. Among the groups of people served by Medicaid are certain eligible U.S. citizens and resident aliens, including claims, and most of the rest of the American medical industry followed suit. On 1 January 1999 the ICD-10 (without clinical extensions) was adopted for reporting mortality, but ICD-9-CM was still used for morbidity A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal disfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. Meanwhile, NCHS received permission from the WHO to create a clinical modification of the ICD-10, and has produced these two systems:

• ICD-10-CM, for diagnosis codes In medicine, diagnostic codes are used to group and identify diseases, disorders, symptoms, and medical signs, and are used to measure morbidity and mortality. As the pulral with the name of this lemma indicates, there will be never one code for all purtposes, but many codes for some disticnt purposes each, is intended to replace volumes 1 and 2. Annual updates are provided.
• ICD-10-PCS The ICD-10 Procedure Coding System is an American system of medical classification used for procedural codes. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) received permission from the World Health Organization (WHO) (the body responsible for publishing the International Classification of Diseases [ICD]) to create the ICD-10-PCS as a successor, for procedure codes, is intended to replace volume 3. Annual updates are provided.

On August 21, 2008, the US Department of Health and Human Services The United States Department of Health and Human Services is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is "Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America". Before its education functions were spun off in 1979, it (HHS) proposed new code sets to be used for reporting diagnoses and procedures on health care transactions. Under the proposal, the ICD-9-CM code sets would be replaced with the ICD-10 code sets, effective October 1, 2013.^[9]

ICD-11

The first (alpha) draft of the ICD-11 system (authored by WHO) is expected on May 10, 2010, with a beta draft due May 10, 2011. The final draft will be submitted to World Health Assembly The World Health Assembly is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 193 member states. It is the world's highest health policy setting body and is composed of health ministers from member states (WHA) by 2014. Pilot implementation is scheduled to begin in March 2014.^{[10] [1]} The ICD revision process is open to all comers willing to register, back their suggestions with evidence from medical literature and participate in online debate over proposed changes through an ICD Update and Revision Platform extranet An extranet is a private network that uses Internet protocols, network connectivity. An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company, usually via the Internet. It has also been described as a "state of mind" in which the Internet is perceived as a way to do business with a selected. WHO is using Web 2.0 The term "Web 2.0" is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. Examples of Web 2.0 include web-based communities, hosted services, web applications, social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs, principles for the first time to revise ICD via a multi-author drafting platform known as the iCAT (Initial ICD-11 Collaborative Authoring Tool). The iCAT production server is viewable by all but until the beta draft stage is reached, editing rights will be restricted to WHO, Revision Steering Group, Topic Advisory Groups and external peer reviewers of proposals and content. More detailed information on the revision process, access to the revision platform and iCAT is available at the WHO website.^[2]

Current use

ICD is the most widely used statistical classification system for diseases in the world. (See WHO official links.) Although some countries found ICD sufficient for hospital indexing purposes, many others felt that it did not provide adequate detail for diagnostic indexing. The original revisions of ICD also did not provide procedure codes for classification of operative or diagnostic procedures. As a result many countries developed their own adaptations of ICD.

Usage

United States

In the United States, hospitals and other healthcare facilities index healthcare data by referring and adhering to a classification system published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). The Clinical Modification or CM system was developed and implemented in order to better describe the clinical picture of the patient. The CM codes are more precise than those needed only for statistical groupings and trend analysis. The diagnosis component of ICD-9-CM is completely consistent with ICD-9 codes.

ICD-10 was adopted in 1999 for reporting mortality, but the ICD-9-CM remains the data standard for reporting morbidity. Revisions of the ICD-10 have progressed to incorporate both clinical code (ICD-10-CM) and procedure code (ICD-10-PCS) with the revisions completed in 2003. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health has announced it will begin using ICD-10 on October 1, 2013. ^[8]

Public data reporting

• International health statistics are available at the WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS).
• In the United States ICD codes also have an active role in reporting of data from the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations The Joint Commission, formerly the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations , is a private sector United States-based not-for-profit organization. The Joint Commission operates accreditation programs for a fee to subscriber hospitals and other health care organizations. The Joint Commission accredits over 17,000 health care (JCAHO) but also the current public data on hospitals released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health (CMS).

Mental and behavioral disorders

The ICD includes a section classifying mental and behavioral disorders (Chapter V). This has developed alongside the American Psychiatric Association The American Psychiatric Association is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential worldwide. Its some 38,000 members are mainly American but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. It is used in the United States and in varying degrees around the world, by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, and the two manuals seek to use the same codes. There are significant differences, however, such as the ICD including personality disorders Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of personality types and behaviors that the American Psychiatric Association defines as "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it". Personality disorders on the same axis as other mental disorders, unlike the DSM. The WHO is revising their classifications in these sections as part the development of the ICD-11 (scheduled for 2015), and an "International Advisory Group" has been established to guide this.^[11]

An important alternative to the mental disorders section of the ICD is the American Psychiatric Association's The American Psychiatric Association is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the most influential worldwide. Its some 38,000 members are mainly American but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. It is used in the United States and in varying degrees around the world, by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, (DSM), which is the primary diagnostic system for psychiatric and psychological disorders within the United States and some other countries, and is used as an adjunct diagnostic system in other countries. Since the 1990s, the APA and WHO have worked to bring the DSM and the relevant sections of ICD into concordance, but some differences remain. An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing use of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV found that the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research.^[12]

USA

The years for which causes of death in the United States have been classified by each revision as follows:

• ICD-1 - 1900
• ICD-2 - 1910
• ICD-3 - 1921
• ICD-4 - 1930
• ICD-5 - 1939
• ICD-6 - 1949
• ICD-7 - 1958
• ICD-8A - 1968
• ICD-9 - 1979
• ICD-10 - 1999

See also

• Classification of mental disorders The classification of mental disorders, also known as psychiatric nosology or taxonomy, is a key aspect of psychiatry and other mental health professions and an important issue for consumers and providers of mental health services. There are currently two widely established systems for classifying mental illness—Chapter V of the International
• Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals The Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals is taxonomy, focused to define and group together situations requiring a referral from pharmacists to physicians (and vice versa) regarding the pharmacotherapy used by the patients. It has been published in 2008. It is bilingual: English/Spanish (Clasificación de Derivaciones Fármaco-terapé
• Clinical coder A Clinical coder, also known as Diagnostic coder or Medical coder, is a health care professional whose main duties are to analyse clinical statements and assign codes from a clinical classification. The data produced are used for clinical research, epidemiology, health resource allocation, and public education
• Current Procedural Terminology The Current Procedural Terminology code set is maintained by the American Medical Association through the CPT Editorial Panel. The CPT code set accurately describes medical, surgical, and diagnostic services and is designed to communicate uniform information about medical services and procedures among physicians, coders, patients, accreditation (CPT)
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. It is used in the United States and in varying degrees around the world, by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies,
  • DSM-IV Codes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, also known as DSM-IV-TR, is a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that includes all currently recognized mental health disorders. The coding system utilized by the DSM-IV is designed to correspond with codes from the International Classification
  • DSM-IV Codes (alphabetical) Behavioral medicine • Biological psychiatry • Child and adolescent psychiatry • Cross-cultural psychiatry • Emergency psychiatry • Forensic psychiatry • Geriatric psychiatry • Liaison psychiatry • Military psychiatry • Neuropsychiatry • Social psychiatry
• Diagnosis Medical diagnosis refers both to the process of attempting to determine the identity of a possible disease or disorder and to the opinion reached by this process
• Diagnosis-related group Diagnosis-related group is a system to classify hospital cases into one of approximately 500 groups, also referred to as DRGs, expected to have similar hospital resource use, developed for Medicare as part of the prospective payment system. DRGs are assigned by a "grouper" program based on ICD diagnoses, procedures, age, sex, discharge
• International Classification of Primary Care The International Classification of Primary Care is a classification method for primary care encounter classification. It allows for the classification of the patient’s reason for encounter (RFE), the problems/diagnosis managed, primary care interventions, and the ordering of the data of the primary care session in an episode of care structure (ICPC)
• List of ICD-9 codes
• Medical classification Medical classification, or medical coding, is the process of transforming descriptions of medical diagnoses and procedures into universal medical code numbers. The diagnoses and procedures are usually taken from a variety of sources within the medical record, such as the transcription of the doctor's notes, laboratory results, radiologic results,
• MedDRA MedDRA or Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities is a clinically validated international medical terminology used by regulatory authorities and the regulated biopharmaceutical industry throughout the entire regulatory process, from pre-marketing to post-marketing activities, and for data entry, retrieval, evaluation, and presentation. In

References

1. ^ ^{a b} WHO ICD-11 Revision information
2. ^ ^{a b} WHO adopts Wikipedia approach for key update
3. ^ http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/en/downloads/codingclass_icd10enhan_e.pdf
4. ^ http://www.lumrix.net/icd-9_info.php
5. ^ ICD-9-CM Guidelines, Conversion Table, and Addenda. Classification of Diseases, Functioning, and Disability. National Center for Health Statistics National Center for Health Statistics is a division of the United States federal agency the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As such, NCHS is under the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Its headquarters is located at University Town Center in Hyattsville, Maryland, near Washington, D.C, CDC The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services based in Atlanta, Georgia. It works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships with state health departments and other. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
6. ^ http://www.instacode.com/news-icd10-demystified.htm
7. ^ WHO | International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
8. ^ ^{a b} CMS The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Children's Health Office of Public Affairs (August 15, 2008). "HHS Proposes Adoption of ICD-10 Code Sets and Updated Electronic Transaction Standards" (web). News Release. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. http://www.dhhs.gov/news/press/2008pres/08/20080815a.html. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
9. ^ [1]
10. ^ meagenda (January 11, 2010). "ICD-11 timeline" (web). Article. DSM-5 and ICD-11 Watch. http://dsm5watch.wordpress.com/icd-11/icd-11-sub-page-4/. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
11. ^ http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/
12. ^ Mezzich, Juan E. (2002). "International Surveys on the Use of ICD-10 and Related Diagnostic Systems" (guest editorial, abstract). Psychopathology 35 (2-3): 72–75. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1159/000065122. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ArtikelNr=65122&Ausgabe=228600&ProduktNr=224276. Retrieved 2008-09-02.

External links

• ICD Homepage World Health Organization (WHO)
• ICD-10 online browser World Health Organization (WHO)
• ICD-10 online training direct access World Health Organization (WHO)
• ICD-10 online training support World Health Organization (WHO)
• ICD-10-CM (USA - modification) at CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• ICD-11 Revision World Health Organization (WHO)

Categories: Medical manuals | Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD | Diagnosis classification | Medical informatics | Demography | Medical classification

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